Overview
Any broken bone can develop into a nonunion, but several bones are notorious for nonunion development. The reason is that the blood flow to these bones is poor even in normal daily life, and therefore, they are a ‘set-up’ for a nonunion.
Causes
Determining the cause of a nonunion is critical to determining the proper treatment. The most common causes of nonunion are:
Scaphoid fractures Talus fractures Femoral neck fractures Fifth metatarsal (“Jones”) fractures
Infection: If bacteria enter the site of the break, it can prevent proper healing. Inadequate blood flow to the bone: Healing bones get many factors delivered by the blood supply, including the cells that repair the broken area, growth factors, and good old oxygen. Some bones have a limited blood supply and in other cases, the supply is disrupted by the injury. Separation of the fractured ends of the bone: The bones may not have been set close enough for a union, or may have separated after stabilization. Inadequate stabilization of the fracture: Stabilization is one of the key parts of treating broken bones. If the fracture wasn’t able to be set properly, a nonunion might result. Sometimes a cast is not enough, and the fracture must be stabilized with screws, rods, plates, etc.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
If you continue to feel pain at the site of the break long after it has been set, you may suspect something is wrong and consult your healthcare provider. Nonunion can be diagnosed through x-rays, pain and immobility at fracture site, and time. Your healthcare provider might follow up at intervals to see if healing progresses over months.
Treatment
The treatment of a nonunion depends on the cause of the problem. Only once the cause of the nonunion is understood can proper treatment be initiated.
Treatment may involve surgery to remove the infection, to better stabilize the fracture, or to stimulate bone growth with bone graft. If the cause is a lack of good stabilization, you may need internal fixation with metal plates, rods, and screws or bone grafting. External fixation with a rigid frame is used for some nonunions.
Nonsurgical treatment might use a bone stimulator device that is used daily with ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves.
Prevention
The best thing a patient can do to prevent a nonunion is to avoid smoking. Other factors that will help prevent nonunions include eating well and adhering to your recommended treatment plan. Patients who are smokers, obese, have diabetes or have other medical conditions, may be at higher risk for developing a nonunion.
