Fifty years after the destructive power of science exploded over Japan, the Nobel prize for peace has gone to a scientist who worked on that first atomic weapon. The committee, condemning France and China for continuing to test such weapons, honored British physicist Joseph Rotblat, 86, and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, an anti-nuclear-weapons group he helped found in 1957. Rotblat was originally part of the Manhattan Project–which developed the atomic bomb during World War II–but resigned when it became clear that Germany was not developing a nuclear weapon.